Astronomy Research Paper How to Prepare with Ease

Astronomy Research Paper How to Prepare with Ease Astronomy is the branch of science that studies celestial objects such as planets, sun, and moon. It can also be summed up as the study of objects and space beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Writing an astronomy research paper helps expand the knowledge of the writer to the facts surrounding the formation of the earth and the celestial objects. A proper way of writing an astronomy research paper encompasses comprehensive investigation, thorough planning and organization of points to a comprehensive structure. Topic Selection This step can be considered as the first of the writing process. Selection of topics to cover is very crucial as they have to be interesting to the reader as well as be easy to explain. The topics selected in this section should be straightforward and to the point. The following are a few of the topics one can cover in the essay: The Formation of the Solar System. This is the topic that entails the creation of the solar system through various theories. This topic covers a wide area and can significantly improve the writers’ and readers’ knowledge of astronomy. Planetary Comparisons. After the formation of the solar system, one can move down to the comparison of the components that form the system, for example, planets and asteroids. This topic requires critical thinking and is mentally engaging as there is a comparison of the differences in planets’ size, distances, and physical, and chemical properties characteristics among others. The Universe and How It Relates to the Earth. The topic entails the exploration of space, the matter in it, galaxies, stars, and other celestial bodies. All these components have a direct or indirect relation to the earth and highlighting these leads to a proper understanding of the topic at hand. Major Astronomical Milestones in History. This topic can be strategically included to raise the reader’s interest in the essay. There are significant steps that man has made in the astronomical field that are worth highlighting such as the first trip to the moon, deployment of exploration machines and robots among others. Effects of Celestial Objects: Asteroids, Moon, and Stars on the Earth. In this astronomy subject, one acquires intriguing facts on how each object can affect the planet directly or indirectly. This topic will introduce you to new information that will lead to a different understanding of the universe in general. Pre-Writing Tips to Get Ready for Actual Writing After highlighting the topics and carefully analyzing them, one can choose the most appropriate one in terms of content and interest. At this point, one has to evaluate how to present the content in terms of structure and outlining the points. The following are some of the pre-writing tips to consider while writing the essay: Picking the right structure. Depending on the type of essay you are writing, say informative, descriptive or a persuasive essay, effectively select the proper structure with which to relay the information garnered. When the structure is identified, one has a starting point and the suitable guidelines to use. Points of argument. In this part, one should critically think of points to put down while considering the structure and flow. Formulate the prime points to concentrate on as this makes the writing process easy and enjoyable. It is also important to identify the strong and weak points of arguments and preferably use the strongest ones first to ensure the essay has well-substantiated content. Such ensures a streaming flow of ideas. The main argument of the essay. The selection of the primary points to be used should be done keenly as they are supposed to fulfill the agenda of the essay. An effective essay is the one that has an argument and sufficient evidence to support the argument. The writer should, therefore, evaluate the prime points selected about how they relate to the main argument, think of how to communicate them, as well as ensure they support the research paper’s claims. It is also important to note the counterpoints or questions that may be raised and to find an effective answer for them. Research on the topics. The writer should research on the topics selected adequately to acquire all the information necessary to support your claim in the argument. Conducting effective research will guide one to new critical ideas, gaps in prior studies, and even ideas that were rendered valid or illogical, all of which can help the writer attain clarity when defining her/his research paper. It is in this stage that the writer decides how to approach the topic and whether to widen the research or narrow it to cover her/his idea effectively. The flow of points. After thorough research on your topic, organize the points in a flowing and logical manner to create an outline of your essay. Formation of the outline helps narrow down the major ideas to concentrate on when writing the research paper. The outline also helps to determine if the points correlate and support your argument in work. Creating an Outline as a Guiding Star: Tips from Our Top Experts An outline is responsible for steering the direction of the research and providing a good sense what it will tackle as it introduces the main argument while stating the key points and claims to be incorporated. The outline guarantees a smooth and enjoyable writing process as well as clear and coherent content. The following are some of the points to consider while creating an outline: The introduction. Begin with an introduction when formulating an outline. It should be short and to the point, laying down the topic and the main argument of the essay. It should provide a brief overview of the topic and end with the thesis statement. The body paragraphs. Every paragraph should have a different point and its supporting evidence. First paragraph (contains the topic sentence). This paragraph should cover the topic sentence, the main argument and what is to be discussed in the essay. It should be clear and easy to understand to evoke interest in the reader. Evidence. Jot the evidence that supports your ideas, and properly argue your points. Second and third paragraph. Guided by the same structure of the first paragraph (highlighted above) list down the claims of the following paragraphs. Formulate a topic sentence that indicates the point that each paragraph will be addressing. One should also use ample and credible evidence to support each claim made in the paragraphs. Ending each paragraph with a critical evaluation of your topic also indicates a proper understanding of the topic at hand. Conclusion. In this section, sum up all the claims in the body paragraphs properly and restate the thesis statement. In other words, the conclusion should sum up all the arguments of the essay to form one strong point. Other things to consider. An outline should be brief and direct to the point estimated at around one to two pages. It should also be well-organized and neat. Ensure to make use of bullet points to properly list the primary ideas and claims to focus on in each section or paragraph. Simple and clear sentences help highlight the fundamental ideas in an understandable way. Organization/Writing the Research Paper After creating an outline, the next step is about writing the research paper. This part consists of the elaboration of the information in the outline in a more organized way while providing evidence. Writing an astronomy research paper should be done in three primary sections which are the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Information and evidence provided in each section should be well-coordinated to properly support your claim. The Introduction This part is the opening of the astronomy research paper that introduces the topic to the readers. The introduction should clearly state the main argument of the essay and focus on stating this claim. Applying the following points is also essential: It is advised to start with a catchy phrase that will raise the interest of the reader encouraging her/him to read the entire essay. In this case, one can start with the definition of the term astronomy, use a quote or even share an interesting fact concerning the topic. Offering brief background information about the topic will also go a long way to inform the reader of the direction you are taking. Concentrating on the main points ensures that the information does not create confusion or become boring. The next step is highlighting the thesis statement or argument. Once the topic is introduced, one should present his claim, which ideally should be brief and to the point. The length of these statements usually varies with the length of the essay. One or two sentences are preferable as they keep the introduction short and precise. The Body The body is the crucial part of the astronomy essay as it comprises the supporting statements and evidence to the writer’s claim. The ideal number of paragraphs in the body of an astronomy essay should be three or more (depending on the instruction given). They are intended to help you argue your point and, for this reason, should be presented orderly and in a logical manner. The flow from one paragraph to the next should be seamless to guarantee clear understanding, proper evaluation, and defending of the thesis. When writing the body, one should consider the following: Using the outline, including paragraphs that support the central theme and further assist your argument. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that indicates what the paragraph entails. Use credible information to support claims introduced in the topic sentences. Also, properly analyze and describe how the evidence provided relates to and strengthens your arguments and the thesis in general. When writing an astronomy research paper, one can provide several examples to indicate or support your argument clearly. Furthermore, one should ensure that the paragraphs are full (approximately six to seven sentences) and well-written to articulate the points. Using the previously made outline, make sure there is a streaming flow of ideas in the essay. Avoid repetition of points to properly distinguish the paragraphs. Ensure that the arguments are presented in a logical order. Paying attention to chronological order, emphatic order and spatial order when presenting arguments indicates a good understanding of the information being presented. This will greatly assist you when you make compelling claims in your thesis. The Conclusion This is the point in the research where the writer sums up all the claims and points made in the body section. Usually, the conclusion brings together all arguments in one paragraph and restates the thesis statement to clearly indicate that your thesis is valid and logical. The following steps are hugely used in this section: Summarizing the argument by pinpointing the major ideas in the essay while at the same time indicating how they connect to the thesis. Avoid introducing new ideas at this point as it creates confusion. Instead, concentrate on what was analyzed previously. One may choose to elaborate on the argument they made though it is not a mandatory procedure. Explaining the significance of your thesis may be in defense of your stand as the writer or as a call to the reader to take a certain action or stand. Post-Writing Tips After the conclusion, the astronomy research paper writing part is done, and all that remains is to through the work to verify that the paper has nil errors and flows accordingly. The following are some of the activities you should focus on: Proofreading/editing. This stage is used to eliminate any errors that may have come up due to negligence, misuse of words, typos and incorrect use of tenses. After completing the writing process, you can take a break before going through your paper and editing the paper accordingly. Referencing. Usually, academic essays require a reference page that lists all the sources utilized in writing the essay. Ensure that you include all the credible books, articles or journals that you have used for the essay research on the reference page. References Bailey, J. M., Slater, T. F. (2003). A review of astronomy education research. Astronomy Education Review, 2(2). Lea, M. R., Street, B. V. (1998). Student writing in higher education: An academic literacies approach. Studies in Higher Education, 23(2), 157-172. Coffin, C., Curry, M. J., Goodman, S., Hewings, A., Lillis, T., Swann, J. (2005). Teaching academic writing: A toolkit for higher education. Routledge. Janelle M. Bailey, Doug Lombard. Blazing the trail for astronomy education research. Journal of Astronomy and Earth Sciences Education; Littleton (2015): 77-88. Pena, B. M., Gil Quilez, M. J. (2001). The importance of images in astronomy education. International Journal of Science Education, 23(11), 1125-1135.

Essay S Asia E

Essay S Asia E Essay S Asia E Name: Samara Pereira Water Crisis in India The supply of water in India is being affected by several forces. Being the second world largest population, India requires more water to sustain itself. The growing economies, as well as the large agricultural sectors, have made the country’s water resources to get stretched as years pass by. At the moment, the country’s water supply is dwindling due to significant mismanagement of water resources, pollution and also over pumping of ground water. Climate change is another factor that is affecting water supply in India (Nina, para. 1-2). Therefore, the crisis of water supply in India is predominantly man-made as opposed natural means. This is because the climate of India is not dry. The country is endowed with many huge rivers and water bodies making it impossible for groundwater to lack. Extreme mismanagement of water resources by the government is the leading force for the water crisis in the country (Nina, para. 2). There are many unclear laws r egarding water supply that results to a large population lacking access to water supply. This on the other hand is as a consequence of the poor governance and corruption in the water ministry. Agriculture is the other factor that is resulting in the water crisis. This is because over 80% of the India’s population deals with agriculture (Nina, para. 2-5). The other force is the industrial usage. At this point, you realize that there are many industries in the country that rely on water for their operations. As such, lots of water is being used than can be replaced. Also, the manufacturers produce lots of wastes that end up in water sources thus making it unsafe for domestic usage. As such, the primary cause of water crisis is economic greed and corruption within the government. The problem of water can be solved in different ways. The first way should be the removal of the corrupt officials in the government (Nilanjana, para. 6). This will ensure that the ministry involved wit h water management is left with non-corrupt people. To serve as a lesson to the rest of the politicians, the officials that are found guilty by interfering with the supply of water should be severely punished. The other method would be setting clear laws regarding water usage in the country. According to Nina (par. 2), India lacks explicit legislation to govern water supply. Once the laws have been established, it will be easy and possible to monitor the water management in the country. This is because there will be people on the ground to oversee the way water is distributed in all villages. The government should also come up with laws regarding water pollution by the industries. As such, all industries should be mandated with setting up of waste treatment and management sections. This will ensure that the water that is being released to the environment does not contaminate the ground water. Notably, all industries should be issued the limit of the water that they should use per ye ar. This will ensure that there will be no industry that overuses water. In inertia, this will act as one way of limiting water wastage by the industries. The provision of dependable, clean drinking water can be achieved once the government has established piped water in all villages. This will ensure that every homestead has access to safe drinking water. Also, the government should sensitize citizens to the importance of harvesting rainwater. This will act as one way of limiting water wastage by citizens. As such, the government should come up with ways to provide the poor with harvesting materials such as roof tanks or even build them underground water storage (Nilanjana, para. 6-10). Also, the government should restrict the

Theoretical Criminology Mid-Term Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theoretical Criminology Mid-Term - Assignment Example It is, however, worth noting that these ideas about natural reality were not scientific, but rather based on mere observation of nature (Cullen & Agnew, 2006). Good and evil were thought to exist in the natural world. It is worth noting that the developments of legal definitions as well as the treatments of crime are founded on the attempts to understand the natural explanations for crime in the physical world. Under the spiritual explanations of crime, the feudal lords in Europe during the middle age designed ways, which they thought the guilt or innocence of an individual could be indicated. One of such methods included trial by battle. In this method, the victim or a family member of the victim would fight with the offender or a family member of the offender. It was believed that God gave victory to the innocent party. Trial by ordeal was introduced in which the accused person was subjected to a painful and difficult situation (Tierney, 2006). The guilty party would die with pain and agony while (through God’s protection) the innocent party would go through such an ordeal unharmed. The aforementioned method was replaced by compurgation a method that involved the accused calling twelve individuals who were reputable in the society who would then swear that the accused person is not guilty. The idea of prison today emerged from the earlier concept of isolating the criminals in cell s where some were subjected to manual labor while others were given the bible to read (Tierney, 2006). The natural explanations for crime generally use events as well as objects found in the world for purposes of explanation what ensues. The divine sanction of the law in the traditional society provided a justification of natural explanations for crime. It is due to this that the rule of kings became natural law, as it was considered to be by divine right. The material and physical world are still used by social scientists in the modern society to seek natural explanations of

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project management - Essay Example Janis is in a position of power and she has to create an effective communication plan to ensure the success of the project. The first step in the communication plan is to ensure all the key players have the proper communication devices. The company must provide Janis, Clark, Downs, and Pokorski with a smartphone. I recommend the firm purchase four iPhone 4. A smartphone has the capabilities of connecting to the internet which can enable the different managers to send data and information to Janis instantly. The company should also design a mobile application that enables these workers to connect to the company intranet. A lot of businesses in the 21st century have realized the benefits technology offers to improve communication and are taking advantage of its capabilities (Goessl, 2008). Janis also has to create a system to ensure these managers communicate with her on a routinely basis. My recommendation is for the four professionals to have weekly meetings. The meeting can occur ei ther face to face or virtually. The virtual meetings could take place using the services of Skype. Skype is an internet service that enables its users to make video calls free of charge (Skype, 2011). Janis has to be able to manage her human resources effectively to avoid conflicts. The company placed Clark, Downs, and Pokerski in a tough position because they gave Janis the ability to access the resources these managers have at their disposal. It is possible that Janis might ask for work from these managers which might place them in a conflict in regards to their regular work schedule. Janis has to be considerate in her requests. Janis can minimize the conflicts by giving the managers a head start. This can be done during the weekly meetings. If Janis needs to use the employees or resources of the managers she can schedule their services a week in advance. There are always potential risks that project managers might face in any project. A risk is something that may happen that can have a negative impact on a project (Projectperfect, 2011). Janis has to realize a risk assessment in order to find ways to minimize the risk. The project Janis is in charge of is a construction project. An inherent risk the company faces is not selecting the proper construction crew for the project. A way to lower that risk is to hire only workers that have at least three years of experience in the construction industry. Another risk of this type of project is potential accidents to the workers. To offset this risk Janis must purchase insurance. A third risk that Janis might face in the project is time related issues. The project could get delayed which would hurt the plans of the company. A good way to minimize the risk of the project being delayed is by Janis using a work breakdown structure. A work breakdown structure can be defined as result orientated family tree that captures all the work of a project in an organized way (Chapman, 2004). The great thing about using a work bre akdown structure is that it allows the project manager the ability to divide the work in different deliverables. It is easier to estimate the time it takes to complete each deliverable separately. The work breakdown structure can also help the project manager lower the risk of exceeding the stipulated budget for the project. Janis has a budget of $2.75 million for the Alabama construction project. For this project to be completed on time and within budget Janis has to do a good job of communicating

Leadership Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Leadership Assessment - Essay Example Leader’s focus remains on the people and importantly on ways to inspire them to face new challenges and to perform in any state of affairs. Not to panic at any rate is the most indispensable quality of a leader. Every leader has the quality of maintaining the confidence level up and to assure followers that the whole thing is going to be fine. To be humorous and comical with the employees is an additional great quality that differentiates some leaders from others. According to a study, females have more leadership capabilities than males. Traditionally leadership tasks were associated with men only but over a period of time women are increasingly getting involved in the leadership jobs (Eagly & Johannesen?Schmidt, 2001). LEADERSHIP STYLE There are many styles of the leaders which are being followed but three major leadership styles are commonly used in organizations. These common leadership styles are as follows (Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, & Van Engen, 2003): Autocratic, also known as ‘authoritarian’ Participative also known as ‘democratic’ Delegative also known as ‘laissez-fair’ Authoritarian (Autocratic): Example of expression for the above style is, â€Å"I want both of you to. . ... . .† In this style, there is a leader and one or more employees are collectively involved in making of the decision (deciding what to do & how to do). This style is a mark of potency to work in a team and not a sign of weakness of leader. This authority is bring into play when knowledge or information of others employees can prove valuable contribution. By using this authority, a benefit of mutual understanding allows every other member of the organization to participate for the betterment of decisions (Sosik & Godshalk, 2000). Delegative (Laissez Faire): Example of expression for the above style is, , â€Å"You two take care of the problem while I go. . .† This style allows the employees to make their contribution and take decisions. The style is used when the employees have enough knowledge about the situation and know what to do and in what manner the work is to be done. Leader’s complete trust on the capability of employees and intentions to develop decision m aking capability in employees results in leader to adopt this style. Leaders increasingly use this style in the current professional world (Sosik & Godshalk, 2000). My manager in the current organization has adopted the combination of the three styles. The collective feature of all three defined style have had significant positive impact on my attitude towards works as well as entire organization. With participative decision making our managers enabled us to work in team and incorporating the best of suggestions for the task completion. This participative style adoption was ordered by leader using his autocratic powers. Hence, the manager enabled all employees including me to make decisions with responsibilities

The Mission Statement of British Telecommunication

The Mission Statement of British Telecommunication BT Group plc is formerly known as British Telecom. It is also the privatized UK state telecommunications operator. It is the leading fixed line telecommunications and broadband Internet provider in the United Kingdom. BT operates in more than 170 countries and almost a third of its revenue now comes from its Global Services division. BT Group is the largest communications service provider in the United Kingdom. It is also one of the largest communication companies in the world (British Telecommunication, 2007). The Company is listed on the London Stock Exchange. At the present time, BT has become a multifaceted organisation offering general consumer goods and services through new sophisticated technologies but alongside this has created a commercial offering with consultancy and business solutions in order to ensure expansion and a long life secure for the company through differing markets. BT is very devoted in the acknowledgment of the primary source of its customer base within commercial outlets therefore the focus for the business falls within this function. However the domestic market retains a sizeable share of the total revenue generated thus the sector is carefully managed and invested in which enables the security of this sector. In this report we will examine the mission statements of BT, key objectives, internal and external environmental factors and information systems with the levels of management. The Mission Statement of British Telecommunication Mission statement is unique purpose that differentiates an organisation from the other companies of the same type. A mission statement needs to communicate the essence of its organisation to its stakeholders and to the public. There are two kinds of mission statements: General objectives In general it indicates how they do rather than where they would be. In other words journey rather than destination. They are always long term objectives. Usually, there are no closing stages on this kind of mission statement but it is always measured by its goals. For example: reduce output of waste or strengthen the loyalty of the constituents and so on. BT chief executive Ben Verwaayen states the general objective of BT as follows: Our central purpose is to provide world-class telecommunications and information products and services, and to develop and exploit our networks, at home and overseas, so that we can: Meet the requirements of our customers, Sustain growth in the earnings of the group on behalf of our shareholders, and Make a fitting contribution to the community in which we conduct our business. ( The Guardian, Wednesday 9 April 2008 ) Specific objectives They are irrefutable mission statements that contain principles and time periods in which all work should be achieved. Mission statements should be answered following Druckers four questions: (E H Edersheim, P F Drucker (2007) What is our business? Who is the customer? What is the value to the customer? What should our business be/ what will our business be? What business is the company in? BT is doing this by stating that it provides world-class telecommunications and informational products and services to its customers. This really shows the involvement that BT is not in the mobile telecommunication service by at home and overseas. But it also states that they offer landlines in abroad as well for instance in Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea etc. Thus, the consumers would be the people who are using the BT landlines By developing and exploiting their network and meeting the requirements of customers, they mentioned increasing the value of the network. By telecommunication at home indicates their business where they are now and provide world-class telecommunication service in overseas indicates where their business will be. Lately mission statements are not about their customers and products and services, but shareholders. In last sentence they also mentioned what they will be doing in the future with the collaborated companies . BTs strategy and key objectives BT strategy and key objectives can be stated today as followed: the speed to the market, customer experience and cost transformation. BT has a future-proof, flexible, intelligent network to enable the company to deliver communications services that will meet their customers requirements in the coming decades. They have a very clear vision of where they want to be and they are now taking specific steps towards that goal. Their transformation program has three key objectives: to enhance the customer experience to accelerate product to market times to reduce BTs cost base And they are seeking to achieve these all at the same time. Therefore new means were set up in order to increase and improve their performances such as 21CN 21CN is designed to deliver a world class customer experience from end-to-end. It will drive a radical simplification of BTs operations, increasing efficiency and the ability to launch new services to market faster than we can today. It will empower the customer with control, choice and flexibility like never before. BT claimed that 21CN will deliver both enormous cost-savings and the most advanced network in the world for new services. They point to consolidation of equipment, the simplification resulting from the removal of numerous legacy networks, and the flexibility and degree of automation enabled by 21CN. Its new network will make it more efficient, quicker to respond to market demand and more flexible. It claims it will be much easier to launch multimedia, converged services and that customers will have more control over their account management and greater flexibility in the way they interact with BT and its network. ( Financial Times June/15/2005 08:44 ) PEST ANALYSIS OF BT With the economic globalization and the widespread application of information technology, enterprises are faced with dynamic and complex external environment which is increasingly important for survival and development of enterprises. With regard to political factor, BT was the vanguard of the reform of the telecommunication industry in Europe and the United States, and the success of the reform was owned much to the British government telecommunication policy, especial for the right choice for control policies. Economic factor refers to the macroeconomic situation, world economic situation and economic status of industries. For example, the current economic crisis leaded to the incline of BTs economic benefits. Due to the economic pressure, BT was planning layoffs which showed that BT had dropped at the companys lowest situation since the privatization in 1984. The social factor refers to the general factors which have indirect and potential impact such as population, income or purc hasing power, national culture and national education level. Ecological factor essentially means that increasing depletion of natural resources and ecological environment forced the enterprises to adapt environmental protection policy. For example, BTs goal is to reduce its carbon emission by 80 percent in 2020, at the same time, BT has also introduced a new model to measure and trace carbon emission, Carbon Disclosure Project (BT, 2008). Technological factor refers to the industry-related science and technology and the trend of development. As a veteran operator in Europe, BT had won the attracting results through introducing the 21st century network based on NGN technology, and adapting the industry-leading technologies and strategies to carry out the entire business operation SWOT ANALYSIS OF BT SWOT analysis is the analysis of organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in order to identify a strategic niche that the organization can exploit G Lancaster (2002). Strength: BT is the worlds oldest communication company which was established in 1846 and still serves over 20 million business and residential customers with more than 29 million exchange lines. It has a good reputation of being part of the European leading telecommunication service provider. For instance, it extends its market in other countries, it is a global company and Over 60% of Fortune Global 500 companies and over 65% of FTSE 100 companies are part of the BT customer database. It makes BT has a strong brand image and until now BT is still the only UK telecom operator to have a universal service obligation (USO). Its strong base of long term customers makes BT financially successful due to its innovative and flexible organization and its competitive price. Weakness: The weakness of BT is inflexible. BT is a big company, so it should work by step and step, it cannot change quickly when meat the problem. But however today, BTs reputation is going down because its internet service usually crashed for long hours and therefore takes a great deal of time to reconnect. BT Home Hub WI-FI security easy to crack (Router manufacturers use algorithm to generate WEP (wired equivalent privacy) and WPA (WI-FI protected access) default keys. BT Home Hub ships with default encryption keys to encrypt wireless network traffic using either WEP or WPA. But the algorithm is predictable and only creates a limited number of easily-hacked keys). It is also obvious that BTs own success makes it difficult to recruit and train staff quickly enough. Opportunity Experts predict great potential for future growth in next 10 years. And the current recession is favorable as people more specifically the customers and businesses are more cost-conscious. It is also important to note that lots of threat to new entries to the market which gives opportunity to grow even bigger nationally and internationally. BTs well known in Europe can bring new co-operating companies all over the world. Internet user growing quickly, it means BT have opportunity to get more market share. In 1994 only $1billion market for BT and MCI but now it grows unbelievable. Global telecommunication market is grow 20% in 2008 compared to 12% in 2003 which will have a good chance for BT to create a new record. With the technology of internet, BT also can develop new product, for example: it can increase the speed of cell phone to use internet Threat BT was established in 1846, at that time it was the only telecommunication company in Britain until 1982 Mercury communications entries this market. It means BT should competitive with Mercury communications and BT market share decreased. It leads to BT cannot make price easily; it should compare with other company price and then make a competitive price. BT also should improve their products, make it have more competitive, because BT should keep their old customers and create some new customers or take customers from Mercury communications, but it should cost more. In addition, BT starts to lose the customers trust and the introduction of mobile phones decreases the usage of landlines. The treats get worse as big brands enter the market with new technology and low prices. The internet coverage of areas that do not need landlines and new companies such as Virgin affect badly BTs expansion. Critical success factors Since the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, new era of communication has started. In United Kingdom General Post Offices Postal Telegraph department which became BT group was providing telephone services. BT group is the largest communication service provider in United Kingdom. Throughout history BT had numerous advantages which influenced its success. BT had a monopoly in the industry till the duopoly sharer Mercury came out. These two telecommunication operators had an exclusive right to provide telecom services. This duopoly ended in 1990s, and market was open to be shared. But BT had already reached an attitude which is much stronger and unbeatable by competitors. Many of BTs customers are based in the UK. BT Global Services deliver solutions inmore than 170different countries, connecting installations, communities and value chains that are essential to organizations. Currently BT is responsible for approximately 28 million telephone lines. Furthermore the company is the only UK telecommunications operator obliged to deliver fixed telephone line to any UK address. In addition BT operates most public telephone boxes all-over the UK. With high technology BT delivers significantly good service of telephone, internet and cable TV. Current BTs most dominant product on the market is BT Home Hub which includes telephone internet broadband and cable TV. Furthermore BT has launched many more successful products throughout decades. INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR BT Operational Control The operation control is the stage that shows and determines how the performing of specific tasks that are set by strategic and middle management decision makers. Usually, most of the tasks in operational level are structured. Knowledge level This stage evaluates new ideas for products and services, the ways to communicate new knowledge in other words the interaction, and finally the ways to distribute information. Management Control-tactical level The management control tactical level monitors effective or efficient ways of resources and performance of operational units. Most of the tasks in that level are semi-structured. Strategic Decision Making It determines long-term objectives, resources and policies. In general, a good number of the tasks in strategic level are unstructured. Major types of System The major types of system we can notice today are the Executive Support System (ESS), the Decision Support System (DSS), the Management Information System (MIS), the Knowledge Work System (KWS), and the Transaction Processing System (TPS). Executive Support systems Chief Managers use executive support systems (ESS) to make strategic planning about sales forecasting, budget, profit and personal planning. ESS serves the strategic level of the organizations. They address non-routine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arriving at solutions. ESS create a generalised computing and communication environment rather than providing any fixed application or specific capability. Furthermore, they are designed to incorporate data about external events such as new tax laws or competitors. They employ the most advanced graphics software and can deliver graphs and data from many sources immediately to a senior executive office or to a boardroom. Unlike the other types of informational systems, ESS is not designed primarily to solve specific problems. Instead, ESS provides a generalized computing and communications capacity that can be applied to a changing array of problems. J F. Rockart (1988). At this stage such matters like the business aims and competitors influences are indeed revised carefully. Therefore, senior managers are trying to maintain a good relationship with partners and existing customers. However to gain high reputation, they must be concerned about the role of customer social responsibility and have to create a flexible strategy planning that suits to the charges of economical factors. Decision support systems The decision support systems (DSS) help managers in making decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance. They provide both problem-solving information and a communication capability for solving semi-structured problems. DSS have more analytical power than the other systems. They are built explicitly with variety of models to analyze data, or they condense large amounts of data into a form where they can be analyzed by decision makers. DSS are also designed so that users can with them directly; these systems explicitly include user-friendly software. F Buytendijk (2008). Relating to British telecom, the DSS study generally the options of maximisation profit and determine whether prices are suitable in the marketplace. Managerial Information Systems. Management information systems (MIS) are used mostly in management level system, management need information in different sectors like sale management control, annual budgeting, about investment analysis. On average, they are oriented almost exclusively to internal, not environmental or external, events. MIS mainly serve the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. MIS review and report on the companys basic operations. The basic transaction data from TPS are compressed and are usually presented in long reports that are produced on a regular schedule. MIS usually serve managers interested in weekly, monthly, and yearly results-not day-to-day activities. MIS generally provide answers to routine questions that have been specified an advance and have a predefined procedure for answering them. Most MIS use simple routines such as summaries and comparisons, as opposed to sophisticated mathematical models or statistical techniques. Ross Malaga, (2003). Knowledge Work and Office Systems Knowledge Work System ( KWS) is very important because BT has different workstations like engineering workstations ,graphics workstations and managerial workstations ,on the other hand Office systems do in BT different work like word processor , document imaging , design for the company , electronic calendars. This system can involve a combination of work practices, information, structures, people, and technologies organized to accomplish objectives in an organisation. BT use information system in different level of management, there are a relationship between systems. Mostly, BT uses three information systems: management system, information system, and computer system. Transaction Processing Systems Transaction processing systems are the basic business systems that monitor the operational level of companies. A transaction processing system is a computerized system that performs and records daily routine transactions necessary to the conduct of the business. For example its like special force in the army, any operation need to be check and secure for example: machine control, securities trading, material movement, and cash control management. They also study the decision to grant credit to a customer for instance, this is made by lower level supervisor according to predefined criteria. All that must be determined is whether the customer meets the criteria. The master file is composed of discrete pieces of information (such as name, address or employee number) called data elements. Data are keyed into the system, updating the data and elements. The elements on master file are combined in different ways to make a report of interest to management and government agencies and to send paychecks to employees. These TPS can generate other report combinations of existing data elements. J Gray, A Reuter (1993) REFERENCES Modern Public Information Technology Systems: Issues and Challenges by G. David Garson, 2007 BT, (2008), BT press Release, retrieved on 17th April, 2009, from: http://pr.euractiv.com/node/3269 Information Systems Technology by Ross Malaga, 2003 Executive Support Systems: The Emergence of Top Management Computer Use by John F. Rockart 1988 Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth Page 163 by Lester R. Brown, Earth Policy Institute 2003 352 pages Annual Review of Communications: Volume 59 Page 243 by International Engineering Consortium 2007 750 pages Performance Leadership: The Next Practices to Motivate Your People, Align Page 207 by Frank Buytendijk 2008 300 pages Management of Organizational Change: Leveraging Transformation Page 63 by K. Harigopal 2006 367 pages The Guardian, Wednesday 9 April 2008 The Definitive Drucker: The Final Word from the Father of Modern Management Page 48 by Elizabeth Haas Edersheim, Peter Ferdinand Drucker 2007 289 pages Financial Times June/15/2005 08:44 Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques Page 3 by Jim Gray, Andreas Reuter 1993 1070 pages BIBLIOGRAPHY Strategic Planning for Information Systems by John. L. Ward and Joe Peppard, 2002 Ethics and Information Technology by James Anderson and Kenneth Goodman Introduction to Business Information Systems by Peter Mertens, Rolf. T. Wigand, 2003 Business Dynamics in Information Technology by Peter Gottschalk, 2007 www.bt.co.uk

Changing Impressions: A Sydney Carton Character Analysis Essays

They say a first impression is everything. However, I’ve found that these aren’t reliable. Some people cover their true feelings, trying to be tough. You never know what’s going on in people’s lives when you first meet them that causes them to act differently. And sometimes, we just make inaccurate assumptions. This is also true of things in literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Charles Dickens’s novel â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities,† and in all his novels, he wants to confuse people to keep them reading. He creates complex characters who change over time, or rather just gives us more information influence our decisions our opinions. One of these complex characters who Dickens brings out in different light later is Sydney Carton. In the beginning of the story, when he is first introduced to us at Charles Darnays’ trial, we only see his outward actions, and none of his feelings. All we see of the man is that he appears to be a sloppy drunk, and quite the good-for-nothing loser. He spends the entire period during the trial staring at the ceiling with his eyes glazed over, never speaking once because he’s too drunk to do so. We later see that him after the trial, at a restaurant with Darnay. He does nothing other than drink. He orders glass after glass of wine, getting as drunk as possible. One wonders if he ever does anything else. He is rather mean to Darnay after the man thanks him profusely, and continues to drink. We see that not only is he a drunk, he’s a mean drunk. And then after Darnay leaves, Carton covers his head, lays down on the table, and tells the waitress to wake him at ten P.M. as he passes out. It almost implies he has nowhere else to go, but mostly just tells a reader that he has nothing better to do. We also see him at his law partner Stryver’s house, working late night hours as he drinks still more. It would seem that Stryver pulls Carton’s dead weight around to help him for some reason, and a reader wonder why Stryver does this. Stryver speaks of ambition and drive, and we can clearly see by comparison that Sydney has none. IT seems has no will to live, but rather stays alive only for his next drink. We later see him wondering around town like a vagrant, stumbling back to his house in the early morning hours. We arrives there, Dickens poetically that he cries himself to sleep. This is where one’s opinion of him first begins to chang... ...ding to this interpretation, the bright prophecies of better times ahead are basically Dickens' way of copping out, of pleasing his audience with a hopeful ending. If Sydney Carton's motives seem complicated to you, try stepping back and viewing him as a man, rather than an influence on the story. He's a complex, realistic character. We see him so clearly, working early morning hours on Stryver's business, padding between table and punch bowl in his headdress of sopping towels, that we're able to feel for him. Have you ever known someone who's thrown away his talent or potential, yet retains a spark of achievement, as well as people's sympathy? That's one way of looking at Sydney Carton. However you view him, though, is how Dickens meant it. He meant for his stories to be controversial and confusing; he loved it when his characters were complex and hard to understand. He felt he himself was this way, and made his characters modeled after him. But I know that after reading this book, I will check my first impressions and not really form too much of one before I see what’s really going on. And the next time I meet someone, I’ll remember that first impressions aren’t everything.